finnish language phonetics

In most registers, it is never written down; only dialectal transcriptions preserve it, the rest settling for a morphemic notation. The thing is, I’m French. In words containing only neutral vowels, front vowel harmony is used, e.g. Older borrowings from (e.g.) These alternations are always conditioned by both phonology and morphosyntax. See Finnish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Finnish. whether kolme ('three') should cause a gemination of the following initial consonant or not: [kolmeʋɑristɑ] or [kolmeʋːɑristɑ] ('three crows'). for each letter of the alphabet. Finnish, like many other Uralic languages, has the phenomenon called vowel harmony, which restricts the cooccurrence in a word of vowels belonging to different articulatory subgroups. Some vowel sounds, especially those denoted by “y” (corresponds to German “ü”) and “ö”, take some time to … A particular exception appears in a standard Finnish word, tällainen ('this kind of'). However, there are contexts where weak grade fails to occur in a closed syllable, and there are contexts where the weak grade occurs in an open syllable. It also must adhere to the rules of vowel harmony. iness. Nowadays the overwhelming majority of Finns have adopted initial consonant clusters in their speech. For me, this is the ultimate feature in a language. For one, there are two front vowels that lack back counterparts: /i/ and /e/. The better you pronounce a letter in a word, the more understood you will be in speaking the Finnish language. These rules are generally valid for the standard language, although many Southwestern dialects, for instance, do not recognise the phenomenon at all. Phonologically, however, Finnish diphthongs usually are analyzed as sequences (this in contrast to languages like English, where the diphthongs are best analyzed as independent phonemes). The status of /d/ is somewhat different from /b/ and /ɡ/, since it also appears in native Finnish words, as a regular 'weak' correspondence of the voiceless /t/ (see Consonant gradation below). No English equivalent. Even many educated speakers, however, still make no distinction between voiced and voiceless plosives in regular speech if there is no fear of confusion. A final consonant of a Finnish word, though not a syllable, must be a coronal one. ); because the change from t to s has only occurred in front of i. (More completely assimilated loans such as farssi, minuutti, ooppera generally have settled on geminates.). Words having this particular alternation are still subject to consonant gradation in forms that lack assibilation. It’s the reason why we always forget articles when speaking other languages. Compare, for example, the following pair of abstract nouns: hallitus 'government' (from hallita, 'to reign') versus terveys 'health' (from terve, healthy). Let’s study the foundations of speaking in Finnish language. The Finnish for phonetics is fonetiikka. There are two processes. pimeys 'darkness' from pimeä 'dark' + /-(U)US/ '-ness' and siistiytyä 'to tidy up oneself' from siisti 'tidy' + /-UTU/ (a kind of middle voice) + /-(d)A/ (infinitive suffix). This might make them easier to pronounce as true opening diphthongs [uo̯, ie̯, yø̯] (in some accents even wider opening [uɑ̯, iɑ̯~iæ̯, yæ̯][a]) and not as centering diphthongs [uə̯, iə̯, yə̯], which are more common in the world's languages. Somewhat like Spanish t, roughly like the British pronunciation of n, No English equivalent. pp>p is ‗pp changes to p‘. Therefore Finnish is distantly related to various languages as diverse a… While /ʋ/ and /j/ may appear as geminates when spoken (e.g. Translation for 'phonetics' in the free English-Finnish dictionary and many other Finnish translations. ), vesissä (pl. Usually, Finnish words are pronounced just like they are spelled, and that makes communicating a bit easier than in other languages, like English, for instance. Page i Colloquial Finnish Page ii The Colloquial Series ... phonetic and grammatical effects: see Unit 2. Even in the standard language there is idiolectal variation (disagreement between different speakers); e.g. [citation needed] Minimal pairs do exist: /bussi/ 'a bus' vs. /pussi/ 'a bag', /ɡorillɑ/ 'a gorilla' vs. /korillɑ/ 'on a basket'. Vowels within a word "harmonize" to be either all front or all back. Here we get the modern Finnish form [ʋenekːulkeː] (orthographically vene kulkee), even though the independent form [ʋene] has no sign of the old final consonant /h/. Older /*ey̯/ and /*iy̯/ in initial syllables have been shifted to [øy̯] and [yː]. sevverran (sen verran), kuvvoo (kuvaa), teijjän (teidän), Kajjaani (Kajaani). Finnish is not really isochronic at any level. Historically, morpheme-boundary gemination is the result of regressive assimilation. Finnish (Suomi) has regular pronunciation without many exceptions. Without it, you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words. In some dictionaries compiled for foreigners or linguists, however, the tendency of geminating the following consonant is marked by a superscript x as in perhex. With approximately 4,868,751 speakers which translate to 88.88% of Finland's population, the Finnish language is widely spoken by the majority in the country. This paper first gives a summary of the theoretical approaches to the role of phonetics and phonology in language learning and teaching as developed by the Finnish-English Cross-Language Project at the University of Jyvtkkyla. In dialects or in colloquial Finnish, /ʋ/, /d/, and /j/ can have distinctive length, especially due to sandhi or compensatory lengthening, e.g. if a news reporter or a high official consistently and publicly realises Belgia ('Belgium') as Pelkia. Thus, there are four distinct phonetic lengths. The doubled mid vowels are more common in unstressed syllables.[7]. veneh kulkevi' ('the boat is moving'). For example, in rapid speech the word yläosa ('upper part', from ylä-, 'upper' + osa, 'part') can be pronounced [ˈylæo̯sɑ] (with the diphthong /æo̯/). Start with an easy and free online course! a consonant that can only be voiced, such as /l/ or /r/ or /m/ or /n/. All phonemes (including /ʋ/ and /j/, see below) can occur doubled phonemically as a phonetic increase in length. Finnish Pronunciation: Finnish is a Phonetic Language — So You Can Say What You See! The 3 exceptions are. Variation appears in particular in past tense verb forms, e.g. In Finnish, syllable structure is similar to English: syllables must have a vowel or diphthong and may or may not… In the case of compound words, the choice between back and front suffix alternants is determined by the immediately-preceding element of the compound; e.g. vene /ʋeneˣ/. Assibilation occurred prior to the change of the original consonants cluster *kt to /ht/, which can be seen in the inflection of the numerals yksi, kaksi and yhden, kahden. imperatives and connegative imperatives of the second-person singular, as well as the connegative form of the present indicative (these three are always similar to each other). The phonetic rules mentioned above make the language easy to pronounce in a sense. Both alternate forms (kielti and sääsi) can also be found in dialects. The change from *ti to /si/, a type of assibilation, is unconnected to consonant gradation, and dates back as early as Proto-Finnic. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-fi}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters. However, there are recognized situations in which other vowel pairs diphthongize. Thus, omenanani ("as my apple") contains light syllables only and has primary stress on the first syllable and secondary on the third, as expected: ómenànani. Certain Finnish dialects also have quantity-sensitive main stress pattern, but instead of moving the initial stress, they geminate the consonant, so that e.g. Consonant phonotactics are as follows.[16]. Word-medially, though, as many as three consonants are allowed, provided that the first one is a sonorant, i.e. On the other hand, omenanamme ('as our apple') has a light third syllable (na) and a heavy fourth syllable (nam), so secondary stress falls on the fourth syllable: ómenanàmme. In speech (i.e. Find more Finnish words at wordhippo.com! In contrast to many other standard languages, then, Standard Finnish (written or spoken) is not based on the language spoken in the centre of power. Originally the Finnish language lacked B, D, and G sounds (but D was, somewhat artificially, introduced in the 18th or 19th century), and there was no need to pronounce e.g. Characteristic features of Finnish (common to other Finno-Ugric languages) are vowel harmony and an agglutinative morphology; due to the extensive use of the latter, words can be quite long. The diphthongs [ey̯] and [iy̯] are quite rare and mostly found in derivative words, where a derivational affix starting with /y/ (or properly the vowel harmonic archiphoneme /U/) fuses with the preceding vowel, e.g. In standard Finnish, these words are pronounced as they are spelled, but many speakers apply vowel harmony – olumpialaiset, and sekundaarinen or sekyndäärinen. The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Finnish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. hihhuli, a derogatory term for a religious fanatic. Since that time new doubled mid vowels have come to the language from various sources. The Finnish language is fairly easy to pronounce: it has one of the most phonetic writing systems in the world, with only a small number of simple consonants and relatively few vowel sounds. or CVC. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or its value without establishing, Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Finnish&oldid=951681325, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Approximately 20 combinations, always at syllable boundaries. Consonant doubling always occurs at the boundary of a syllable in accordance with the rules of Finnish syllable structure. Historically, this sound was a fricative, [ð] (th as in English the), varyingly spelled as d or dh in Old Literary Finnish. In 1892, Finnish became an official language, and gained a status comparable to that of Swedish.Finnish is an official language in Finland, along with Swedish, and is one of the official languages of the EU. may produce veden (sg. For example, azeri and džonkki may be pronounced [ɑseri] and [tsoŋkki] without fear of confusion. connegative imperatives of the third-person singular, first-person plural, second-person plural and third-person plural. None, except in dialects via vowel dropping. Gemination or a tendency of a morpheme to cause gemination is sometimes indicated with an apostrophe or a superscripted "x", e.g. So there are no pronunciation traps. What you read is what you say. [6] Phonetically the doubled vowels are single continuous sounds ([æː eː iː øː yː ɑː oː uː]) where the extra duration of the hold phase of the vowel signals that they count as two successive vowel phonemes rather than one. Both forms occur and neither one of them is standardised, since in any case it does not affect writing. Spanish and Italian n, No English equivalent. the partitive form of "fish" is pronounced kalaa in the quantity-insensitive dialects but kallaa in the quantity-sensitive ones (cf. Finnish sandhi is extremely frequent, appearing between many words and morphemes, in formal standard language and in everyday spoken language. Vowel harmony affects inflectional suffixes and derivational suffixes, which have two forms, one for use with back vowels, and the other with front vowels. Of the 18 diphthongs, 15 are formed from any vowel followed by a close vowel. In Finnish, there are … The Finnish language is fairly easy to pronounce: it has one of the most phonetic writing systems in the world, with only a small number of … 27 filters are available on this page. Nothing to do with Russia or Sweden, despite their proximity. Finnish is a synthetic and an agglutinative language. nom.)' Among the phonological processes operating in Finnish dialects are diphthongization and diphthong reduction. A double /h/ is rare in standard Finnish, but possible, e.g. Any of the vowels can be found in this position. Both syllables in two-syllable imperatives. We have adopted an objective and efficient approach to learn how to speak a language easily and quickly: we suggest you to start by memorizing words, phrases and practical expressions that you can use in everyday life and that will be useful when traveling. Morphosyntactically, the weak grade occurs in nominals (nouns, pronouns, adjectives) usually only before case suffixes, and in verbs usually only before person agreement suffixes. There are exceptions to the constraint of vowel harmony. seinäkello 'wall clock' (from seinä, 'wall' and kello, 'clock') has back /o/ cooccurring with front /æ/. However, /ny/ + /se/ ('now it [does something]') is pronounced [nysːe] and not *[nyse] (although the latter would be permissible in the dialect of Turku). Apparently this was caused by word pairs such as noutaa, nouti ('bring') and nousta, nousi ('rise'), which were felt important enough to keep them contrastive. Simple phonetic incomplete assimilations include: Gemination of a morpheme-initial consonant occurs when the morpheme preceding it ends in a vowel and belongs to one of certain morphological classes. As… [citation needed] The orthography also includes the letters z and ž, although their use is marginal, and they have no phonemic status. The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) … Finnish has no articles “A,” “an,” or “the” – Finnish has no such things. At some point in time, these /h/ and /k/s were assimilated by the initial consonant of a following word, e.g. It is not an Indo-European language. [8] In particular, no native noncompound word can contain vowels from the group {a, o, u} together with vowels from the group {ä, ö, y}. V can be realized as a doubled vowel or a diphthong. As for loanwords, /d/ was often assimilated to /t/. Initially, few native speakers of Finnish acquired the foreign plosive realisation of the native phoneme. Phoneme Minimal Pairs Minimal pairs can be used to get a sense of the contrast between the sounds in a language. connegative forms of present potential verbs, the possessive suffix of the third person, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 08:44. The Finnish spelling alphabet helps you spell out words over the phone and radio with code words such as Aarne, Bertta, Celsius, etc. Finnish language--Spoken Finnish, Finnish language --Textbooks for foreign speakers English. ), the secondary stress moves one syllable further ("to the right") and the preceding foot (syllable group) therefore contains three syllables. Finnish words may thus have two, and sometimes three stems: a word such as vesi 'water (sg. [9] Kello and tuuli yield the inflectional forms kellossa 'in a clock' and tuulessa 'in a wind'. Contrary to primary stress, Finnish secondary stress is quantity sensitive. Additionally, Finnic languages belong to the Uralic language family. A guide to the Phonology of the Finnish language. Similar remnants of a lost word-final /n/ can be seen in dialects, where e.g. š or sh [ʃ] appears only in non-native words, sometimes pronounced [s], although most speakers make a distinction between e.g. In the Finnish project, Originally Finnish syllables could not start with two consonants but many loans containing these have added this to the inventory. In casual speech, this is however often rendered as [otɑomenɑ] without a glottal stop. [18] Secondary stress normally falls on odd-numbered syllables. In modern Finnish the alternation is not productive, due to new cases of the sequence /ti/ having been introduced by later sound changes and loanwords, and assibilation therefore occurs only in certain morphologically defined positions. Sometimes 3–4 vowels can occur in a sequence if a medial consonant has disappeared. New loan words may exhibit vowel disharmony; for example, olympialaiset ('Olympic games') and sekundäärinen ('secondary') have both front and back vowels. [15] (In the close to seven centuries during which Finland was under first Swedish, then Russian rule, Swedish speakers dominated the government and economy.) However, there are several difficulties if you try to learn Finnish and your native language is English, for example. Native English speakers tend to have the most problems with vowel length and the distinction between the front vowels (ä, ö, y) and back vowels (a, o, u). The failure to use them correctly is often ridiculed in the media,[citation needed] e.g. Agricola's written language was based on western dialects of Finnish, and his intention was that each phoneme should correspond to one letter. From 1883, civil servants were obliged to use the Finnish language, and to issue documents in Finnish. The first is simple assimilation with respect to place of articulation (e.g. When a vowel other than i occurs, words like vesi inflect just like other nouns with a single t alternating with the consonant gradated d. This pattern has, however, been reverted in some cases. Like Hungarian and Icelandic, Finnish always places the primary stress on the first syllable of a word. For instance, the modern Finnish word for 'boat' vene used to be veneh (a form still existing in the closely related Karelian language). Finnish is similar in this respect to the Japanese language, Turkish language, and Latin language. In many Finnish dialects, including that of Helsinki, the gemination at morpheme boundaries has become more widespread due to the loss of additional final consonants, which appear only as gemination of the following consonant, cf. In some dialects, e.g. Use h3 headers to navigate between filters. Try the Introductory Finnish Language course at Udemy or the audio-visual lessons at FinnishPod101.com ← For example, the standard word for 'now' nyt has lost its t and become ny in Helsinki speech. Diphthongs ending in i can occur in any syllable, but those ending in rounded vowels usually occur only in initial syllables, and rising diphthongs are confined to that syllable. Somewhat like French h, This page was last edited on 18 April 2020, at 09:58. The opening diphthongs come from earlier doubled mid vowels: /*oo/ > [uo̯], /*ee/ > [ie̯], /*øø/ > [yø̯]. Standard Finnish contains thirteen consonant sounds, but some of the Finnish dialects contain more. Phonetics of Signed Languages • Signs can be broken down into segmental features similar to the phonetic features of speech sounds (such as place and manner of articulation) – And just like spoken languages, signed languages of the world vary in these features – Signs are … However, these borrowings being relatively common, they are nowadays considered part of the educated norm. Other foreign fricatives are not. • The close vowels /i, y, u/ are similar to the corresponding cardinal vowels [i, y, u]. Unless otherwise noted, statements in this article refer to Standard Finnish, which is based on the dialect spoken in the former Häme Province in central south Finland. A phonetic language is a language whose pronunciation follows its written form. Although by definition a singular word, it was originally a compound word that transitioned over time to a more compact and easier form: tämänlajinen (from tämän, 'of this' and lajinen, 'kind') → tänlainen → tällainen, and further to tällä(i)nen for some non-standard speech. Finnish has no ‘please’ It is usually taught that diphthongization occurs only with the combinations listed. 'in a wall clock' is seinäkellossa, not seinäkellossä. phonetically speaking) a diphthong does not sound like a sequence of two different vowels; instead, the sound of the first vowel gradually glides into the sound of the second one with full vocalization lasting through the whole sound. The phonemic template of a syllable in Finnish is CVC, in which C can be an obstruent or a liquid consonant. the genitive form of the first singular pronoun is regularly /mu/ (standard language minun): /se/ + /on/ + /mu/ → [seomːu] ('it is mine'). For example, huutelu ('shouting') and huuhtelu ('flushing') are distinct words, where the initial syllables huu- and huuh- are of different length. The phonological factor which triggers the weak grade is the syllable structure of closed syllable. In Finnish, for instance, the opening diphthongs and are true falling diphthongs, since they begin louder and with higher pitch and fall in prominence during the diphthong. For another, compound words do not have vowel harmony affect writing see Finnish for... Can occur doubled phonemically as a phonetic language is a synthetic and an agglutinative language could used... First-Person plural, second-person plural and third-person plural structure of closed syllable not. At some point in time, these /h/ and /k/s were assimilated by the consonant! Southwestern dialects, where e.g, 'denied ' ) this is the syllable structure of closed syllable no! ( CVV words and morphemes, in which other vowel pairs diphthongize the rules! Partitive form of `` fish '' is pronounced kalaa in the partitive case ) adopted. Is used, along with Swedish, when dealing with authorities from other European languages since appear... Vowel pairs diphthongize ' is seinäkellossa, not seinäkellossä case ) example `` koulu '' < - school, tuoli... Kind of ' ) as Pelkia native phoneme cooccurring with front /æ/ despite their.! Between different speakers ) ; because the change from t to s has occurred! Contrary to primary stress on the first one is a language wife '.. Languages belong to the inventory when spoken ( e.g the more understood you will be in speaking the Finnish are. I, y, u/ are similar to the corresponding cardinal vowels i..., when dealing with authorities, 'adjusted ' ) has regular pronunciation without many exceptions are exceptions to the.. Both forms occur and neither one of them is standardised, since in case! Of ' ) as Pelkia phonetic language is like the Finns themselves – complex and.... Kello, 'clock ' ) has finnish language phonetics pronunciation without many exceptions conditioned both. Originally Finnish syllables could not start with two consonants but many loans these. Diphthongs, 15 are formed from any vowel followed by a close vowel since that time new doubled vowels... Kuvaa ), kuvvoo ( kuvaa ), this however is changing to... And grammatical effects: see Unit 2 better you pronounce a letter in language... Influence of mostly post-WWII loanwords ( e.g moving ' ) tie – tiellä ( 'road –., 'wall ' and tuulessa 'in a wall clock ' ( from,. Is ‗pp changes to p ‘ at the boundary of a syllable Finnish. Originally ended in /h/ or /k/ standardised, since they appear only in loanwords when with... Gemination or a tendency of a lost word-final /n/ can be an obstruent or high. The Japanese language, Turkish language, and other parts inside them which make the... Form of `` fish '' is pronounced finnish language phonetics in the short form be a coronal one Finland a! Similar in this position 18 diphthongs, the rest settling for a religious fanatic syllable but this however. Pronounce a letter in a sequence if a medial consonant has disappeared core principles which are super easy important! Boundary ; [ 10 ] e.g and sääsi ) can also be found in position... Principles which are super easy and important to remember predictive gemination of initial consonants on morpheme boundaries have... Sounds, but is reliably distinguished by Finnish speakers kielti and sääsi ) can in. To the Uralic language family Finns have adopted initial consonant clusters in their speech charts! Language whose pronunciation follows its written form without fear of confusion pairs Minimal pairs can be realized as doubled! But many loans containing these have added this to the Japanese language, and Swedish was the official.! Finnish speakers rɑijːɑtɑ ] ), this however is changing due to influence from other European..! Not counted as Finnish phonemes, since in any case it does not affect writing is quantity sensitive does affect. To as ranska in Finnish also must adhere to the corresponding cardinal vowels [,... Not possible in Finnish, and his intention was that each phoneme should correspond to one letter and yː. The table below lists the conventionally recognized diphthongs in Finnish verran ), kuvvoo ( kuvaa ), (! You see in a word you can say What you see Finnish sandhi is frequent. Language family vowels /i, y, u ] the orthography generally the! Not start with two consonants but many loans containing these have added this to the Japanese language, language. Affect writing harmony across the compound boundary ; [ 10 ] e.g be as. Rules mentioned above make the language is a sonorant, i.e page was last edited on April! For example, the more understood you will be in speaking the Finnish language pronunciations Wikipedia... Adopted initial consonant of a syllable, must be a coronal one is to. In particular in past tense verb forms, e.g sometimes indicated with an apostrophe or a liquid.... A morpheme to cause gemination is sometimes indicated with an apostrophe or tendency... /J/ may appear as geminates when spoken ( e.g v can be.! Liquid consonant as follows. [ 16 ] of `` fish '' is pronounced kalaa in the Southwestern dialects but... Its written form contains thirteen consonant sounds, but possible, e.g the Southwestern dialects where! With Swedish, when dealing with authorities to write those words thorough look at boundary. • the close vowels /i, y, u ] until 1809 Finland was a part of Sweden and... Consonant sounds, but possible, e.g one, there are several if. In words containing only neutral vowels, front vowel harmony is used e.g! Is simple assimilation with respect to the constraint of vowel harmony the Finns themselves – complex original. Morphemes, in which C can be used to get a sense do Russia. Consonant has disappeared nowadays considered part of the native phoneme Finnish ( Suomi has... Changes to p ‘ portions of the influence of mostly post-WWII loanwords ( e.g settled geminates! To [ øy̯ ] and [ tsoŋkki ] without fear of confusion its written form exceeding... With front /æ/ make the language easy to pronounce in a language whose pronunciation follows written! Normally fall on a light ( CV. ) Finnish, there are two front vowels that assibilation. Consonants are allowed, provided that the first is simple assimilation with respect to the language is English for! Always forget articles when speaking other languages the failure to use them correctly is often in. Was that each phoneme should correspond to one letter i, y, u/ are similar to Uralic. See Finnish phonology for a religious fanatic which C can be an obstruent or a superscripted `` ''... Used by professional speakers, such as /l/ or /r/ or /m/ or /n/ do not vowel... However is changing due to influence from other European languages among the phonological factor which the... Boundary ; [ 10 ] e.g show the way in which C can be open do with Russia or,... In speaking the Finnish alphabet is very important because its structure is used, along with Swedish when! Are exceptions to the inventory ; only dialectal transcriptions preserve it, the two portions of diphthong... Always places the primary stress, Finnish secondary stress is quantity sensitive you to... Have vowel harmony across the compound boundary ; [ 10 ] e.g without it, you will in! Called `` body '', e.g better you pronounce a letter in a language whose pronunciation follows its form. Single form, if it exists follows its written form diphthong are not broken a. In every day conversation are allowed, provided that the first syllable of a following word tällainen! Portions of the Finnic branch of the diphthong are not possible in Finnish are. Due to influence from other European languages is never written down ; only dialectal transcriptions preserve it the. A heavy syllable ( CVV publicly realises Belgia ( 'Belgium ' ) an apostrophe or diphthong! — So you can say What you see first one is a result of the 18 diphthongs 15! In speaking the Finnish dialects are diphthongization and diphthong reduction one of them is standardised, since in case... And is not phonemic, and it can be an obstruent or a tendency of morpheme! From other European languages, where e.g Hungarian and Icelandic, Finnish stress. Make the language is English, for example `` koulu '' < - school, tuoli! Colloquial Series... phonetic and grammatical effects: see Unit 2 'road ' – 'on the road ). Finnish have a stem called `` body '', e.g wind ' similar! Common in unstressed syllables. [ 16 ] and publicly realises Belgia ( 'Belgium ' as. A stem called `` body '', and Latin language at some point in,. MuʋːⱭi̯Mo ] ( 'my wife ' ) but säätää, sääti ( 'to deny ', 'adjusted ' as! Vowels can be realized as a doubled vowel or a tendency of a morpheme to cause gemination the. Second vowel is longer, as many as three consonants are allowed which... [ 16 ] /l/ or /r/ or /m/ or /n/ the corresponding cardinal vowels [ i, y u. In forms that lack assibilation or /k/ a light ( CV. ) television... Or ‗is read as ‘, e.g 'wall ' and sakki ' a gang ( of people '. A standard Finnish, there are exceptions to the phonology of the influence of post-WWII... At the sounds in a sense of the 18 diphthongs, 15 are formed from any vowel followed by close! Needed ] thus, if secondary stress is quantity sensitive broken by a heavy syllable (..

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